How Liberalism ideology relates to social work

How Liberalism ideology relates to social work How Liberalism ideology relates to social work practice The history and influence of Liberalism is a complex issue, and understanding social work practice involves penetrating a vast nexus of theoretical and practical socio-political factors. Nevertheless, addressing the specific question of how Liberalism relates to social work practice reveals important and distinct points for discussion. In this essay I will outline the historical developments of Liberalism and highlight the core beliefs and how they influence social work. I aim to argue that exposing the liberal ideological values inherent in social work opens up latent tensions to debate. The tensions in liberal political theory and the concomitant problems for social work don’t call for abandonment of Liberalism ideology because it has as its basis the appropriate capacity for renewal. These debates should stimulate reappraisal and reform and increase our capacity to influence the social, political and economic determinants of social care. This can be achieved due to not in spite of the underlying principles of Liberalism. The historical development of Liberalism While the editors of the Spanish Constitution in 1812 were the first to use the noun liberal in a political sense, the war of independence in America established the first nation to craft a constitution based on Liberalism. This new creed originated in the political philosophy of the previous three hundred years. Liberalism emerged from the breakdown of feudalism, the growth of market capitalism and the rise of the middle class. Liberals sought to expose the immorality of authoritarianism and limit government powers in order to safeguard civil liberties. Where early Liberals sought total non-intervention, modern liberals endorse involved governance on issues such as welfare, education and healthcare. This has led to a split between the early classical Liberalism and the modern form which dominates contemporary politics today. Nevertheless, classical and modern Liberalism share core beliefs which point to underlying principles. These principles perpetuate every aspect of contemporary life in Western political systems. Ideas such as individualism, tolerance and economic freedom are central to the western political ideology of our times. The core beliefs of Liberalism ‘As political beings it is our business to free human life from as many as possible of its difficulties’ (Mill Principles of political philosophy in collected works II p.943) Liberalism holds that individuals are the locus of moral consideration, and securing individual freedom is paramount. An extreme form of liberal individualism; atomism holds that the individual is central to socio-political theory or practice, ontologically prior to society, egotistic, self seeking and self reliant. Modern Liberalism has a more optimistic bent in its understanding of social responsibility and mutual respect. Political Liberalism stresses the social contract[1], under which citizens make the laws and agree to abide by those laws. It is based on the belief that individuals know best what is best for them. This is the characteristic theme of liberal ideology, and ideas of justice and freedom stem from the primacy of the individual. Rationalism[2] greatly influenced the liberal concept of an individual. The idea of a rational man was an important precursor to social non-intervention, as the rational man is capable of defining and pursuing his own path in society, rendering the idea of a paternal government unnecessary. Modern liberals appreciate the inequality of self reliance and seek to strike a balance between intervention and decentralisation. The emphasis on and openness to reason in liberal societies emanates from the many dichotomies at its heart: On one hand natural man is seen as rational and socially conscious, while on the other egotistic and selfish. One the one hand men are capable on the other needy. This tension in Liberalism is reflected by the fact that is has met with discussion, debate and argument since its inception. A willingness to offer reasoned explanations for its theories is central to liberal ideology. Liberalism favours neutral government, in that it is not for the state to determine personal values. As John Rawls put it in his Theory of Justice, ‘The state has no right to determine a particular conception of the good life’ (Rawls 1999). The idea of the good life has been used in political philosophy to denote a course of action the rational man takes when in favourable political circumstances. Rawls argues that liberal governments should provide these favourable conditions but never attempt to dictate how citizens should go about the acquisition of happiness. This idea of neutrality is closely connected to tolerance, and in particular the willingness to celebrate political and religious diversity. Since the developments in economics in the late 18th century Liberals have stressed the importance of a free markets, and seek to limit government intervention in domestic economy and foreign trade. In Andrew Heywood’s words the attraction of classical economics to liberal ideology ‘was that, although each individual is materially self-interested, the economy itself is though to operate according to a set of impersonal pressures – market forces – that tend naturally to promote economic prosperity and well being.’ (Heywood 1987) Modern liberals support government responsibility for health, education, and alleviating poverty yet still call for a market based on independent exchange and tend to believe in decentralisation. The central tenets of modern Liberalism are the primacy of the individual, freedom, tolerance, a commitment to reason and debate, and a free-market economy. Liberalism is egalitarian; based on principles of democracy, classlessness, equality and openness, and is antonymous to oppressive and tyrannical authoritarianism. Liberalism advocates civil rights for all citizens: establishing justice though the protection and privileges of personal liberty. It includes the equal treatment of all citizens irrespective of race, gender and class. These core beliefs directly influence much of day to day life, but we will focus on the implications for the practice of social work. Social work and Liberal ideology Social work is a discipline involving the application of social theory and research methods to societal problems. It incorporates and uses other social sciences and political philosophy as a means to improve the human condition and positively change society's response to these problems, through understanding and acting upon their causes, solutions and human impacts. What constitutes a social problem? And what constitutes a solution to a social problem? In the western world the answers to these questions stem from governmental policy based on the principles of Liberalism. In a modern liberal society a social problem is one that contradicts the core liberal principles. A solution is that which removes the restrictions to people flourishing. For these reasons ideology implicit in societal interactions effects what we know as social problems and solutions. Poverty and alienation are profound social problems and major causes of suffering in modern society. Taking poverty, Liberalism ideology believes that every individual should have the freedom to succeed economically, and not live in poverty. We have seen already that while early Liberals emphasised non-intervention, modern liberals endorse more involved governance on issues such as welfare. This reflects a central tension in the practical applicability of Liberalism ideology highlighted by Maureen Ramsey in her book what’s wrong with Liberalism? ‘Since both forms of Liberalism endorse private ownership, the economic redistribution required to tackle poverty will inevitable infringe particular individual rights to liberty’ (1997, pg66). The emphasis on individual liberty and progress at the heart of liberal capitalist economies has been accused of perpetuating this tension. Furthermore, welfare as a concept contradicts the moral neutrality that is central to the pr inciple of tolerance in Liberalism. By providing a range of services designed to bring about the public good the state is making judgements about what is good, beyond the self seeking satisfaction of subjective desires. This leads Ramsey to conclude that ‘the provision of welfare [is] at odds with basic liberal assumptions’ (pg, 66). Examples from social work where the right to escape poverty is being restricted could include a daughter being held back from going to school to work for her parents, or a wife not being permitted to work. Social workers’ ability to address these problems is influenced by the traditional liberal distinction between the public and the private spheres by which liberal governments should only function in the public sphere, excluding the activities of family life. Modern liberals attempt to strike a balance between intervention and non intervention. However, because of the tensions concerning the private sphere, political neutrality and accountability, this balance remains problematic. Many agree with Pateman that these restrictions render care ineffective and the areas of social work that can deal with poverty are too limited.[3] ‘Precisely because Liberalism conceptualises civil society in abstraction from ascriptive domestic life, the latter remains forgotten.’ (Pa teman, 1987 p. 107) The liberal legacy of limited intervention and reason has resulted in an often debilitating caution concerning social work, even in the more extreme areas of its application. Taking the examples of ‘baby p’ and Victoria Climbià © the social services have been accused of being too optimistic about the intentions of citizens and missing the signs that could have helped them avoid such awful tragedies.[4] However, intuitions support the distance between the private and the public spheres. The idea of children being taken away from their parents is invariably seen as a last resort, a relaxation of this attitude may have saved many children, but it may also create other awful situations in which children are taken away from good families. It would demand more care and attention to complex detail than necessary for our purposes here to question the role of political ideology in these terrible events. Alienation is another complicated issue facing modern liberal society. Liberal ideology does not have a core belief connected with the negativity of isolation because of an understanding of human nature that emphasises the priority of the individual. This is often seen as a deficiency as many hold that the intuitions constructed by Liberalism have produced a situation where individuals have shallower relations with other people than they would normally. This, it is argued, leads to difficulties in understanding and adapting to each other's uniqueness. This points to another of the tensions within Liberalism: it promotes tolerance but through its emphasis on individual freedom encourages isolation. Many sociologists are concerned about the alienating effects of modernization, describing how relationships become mediated through money because economic freedom is considered an essential element of individual liberty. This has also been accused of contributing to the loss of primary relationships such as familial bonds in favour of goal oriented secondary relationships. The concepts of the private sphere, individual freedom, tolerance and political neutrality greatly affect what we deem to be within the role of a social worker. The balance between intervention and personal freedom rests as precariously now as any time since Mill. Free market capitalism is at its weakest in decades, giving new impetus to the charge that economic Liberalism is guilty of creating a more selfish society where the pursuit of personal wealth is more destructive that constructive. Is liberal ideology repressive? Liberalism is accused of repressing positive aspects of human nature. To call Liberal ideology repressive though, is extreme. Liberalism allows for repressive forces to emerge due to its emphasis on individual liberty and freedom of speech and thought, but allowing repressive tendencies to emerge is not adhering to them, and liberal societies should not be blamed for the emergence of alternative ideologies within them. Social and corporate responsibility are genuine possibilities in liberal society and are prevalent in modern liberal theory. There are problems with Liberalism, but I suggest they do not serve as aspects of a repressive ideology. We ought to remember that Liberalism emerged from the compassionate desire to eradicate authoritarian rule in order to secure freedom for every man. This is a noble aspiration with compassion for all at its core. As industrialisation and free market economies took over, the role of welfare in liberal states became important because of the same aspirations, to help every single person in a society. The change from non-intervention to intervention evidences the claim that ideologies have to adapt to contexts, and this is where Liberalism has a unique quality, a profound capacity for renewal. The classic versus modern Liberalism debate could only occur in the climate of discussion debate and argument that defined the rationalist movement. The tensions in Liberalism were inherited from this theoretical foundation and have maintained their capacity for renewal. The tensions in Liberali sm reflect the scope for continual reappraisal, it is not dogmatic, and is open to public scrutiny through the democratic process. Challenges are being made and listened to within liberal society. For example, the Social liberals[5] introduced scepticism concerning the idea of free markets, seeing unrestricted trade as leading to the growth of multi-national corporations and the concentration of wealth and power in the hands of the few, seen as contradicting the intention of liberty for all. These socially responsible tendencies are not entirely new editions to liberal theory and in fact are latent in political Liberalism. While the early Liberals like Locke saw liberty as a natural right, Liberalism has never held that the entitlement to freedom is absolute. In On Liberty ([1859] 1972, p.73) Mill argued that ‘power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilised community [If it] is to prevent harm from others’. Liberalism emerged as a move away from blind adherence to political dogma based on static views of a divine ordered reality, towards a scientific and compassionate concern for every citizen. To conclude that Liberalism must involve repression is excessive given the underlying desire to stand for the opposite. Conclusion. The practice of social work in modern liberal society rests on liberal principles. By locating the connections between social work and Liberalism ideology, we have seen how practical social knowledge is influenced by liberal philosophical assumptions. These central tenets of Liberalism are liberty, tolerance, and a free-market economy. These core beliefs affect all areas of social life, including social work. The tensions that permeate the practices of liberal governments are present in the field of social work and valuable indicators of the complexity of the issues social workers face. Crucially, they are open to reform. There are deep social problems in liberal society, of which poverty and alienation are paramount. What we can learn from these problems is that if Liberalism will succeed in its aspirations it needs to expand its scope to include more social and corporate responsibility, and a greater understanding of community. The emphasis on the individual, particularly in the economic brand of Liberalism, can repress aspects of human nature that seem central to the compassion and egalitarianism that motivated the creation of liberal theories. If empathy and care are a consequence of our social nature then we need an account of the individual as interdependent, opposed to the atomised individual of classic liberal theory. The tensions in liberal political theory and the concomitant problems for social work don’t call for abandonment of Liberalism ideology because it has as its basis the appropriate mechanisms to progress: democracy and education, the capacity for renewal and the compassionate aspiration to secure freedom. They call for reappraisal and reform. Bibliography Political Ideologies an introduction Heywood, Andrew. Palgrave 1992 Liberalism and modern society Bellamy, Richard. Polity press 1992 What’s wrong with Liberalism Ramsay, Maureen. Leicester University Press 1997 A Theory of Justice revised edition Rawls, John. OUP 1999 After Virtue MacIntyre, Alasdair. Duckworth 1981 Feminist critiques of the public/private dichotomy in Feminism and inequality Phillips A (ed) Blackwell 1987. 1 Footnotes [1] Thomas Hobbes’ Leviathan saw the first use of the social contract. [2] In its broadest sense rationalism is any view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or justification. Here it denotes the enlightenment philosophical movement of Hume Kant etc. [3] Such as income assistance and job training/placement. [4] The GMC examined the role of Dr Sabah Al-Zayyat, who examined Baby P two days before his death has been accused of failing to spot his injuries, and three council workers were given written warnings about their actions. Source: Haringey Council Internal Audit Serious Case Review. Haringey Council (2008-11-12). [5] In Britain, in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century, a group of thinkers known as the social or new liberals who included John Stuart Mill, argued that the poverty and ignorance people lived in made it impossible for freedom and individuality to flourish. They believed that these conditions could be ameliorated only through collective action coordinated by a strong welfare-oriented interventionist state.

Political Factors

Political risk, for examples the Gulf war and terrorism somehow damaging passenger confidence, particularly in the US. Presence of political support and lobbying for major EU/US aerospace businesses Support of EU aircraft manufacturer for Rolls-RoyceSubsidies by EU government US tax breaks for Rolls-RoyceCarbon emissions under the Kyoto protocol is targets for reduction by EU, creating pressures for reduced impact of air travel Policy formation for example Open Skies liberalisation package (2008), allowing any US or EU-based airline to launch scheduled services between the US and EU.PEST analysisFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, searchâ€Å"PEST† redirects here. For the special forces unit of the Slovenian Military Police, see Specialized Unit for Special Tactics. PEST analysis (Political, Economic, Social and Technological analysis) describes a framework of macro-environmental factors used in the environmental scanning component of strategic management . Some analysts added Legal and rearranged the mnemonic to SLEPT; inserting Environmental factors expanded it to PESTEL or PESTLE, which is popular in the United Kingdom.The model has recently been further extended to STEEPLE and STEEPLED, adding Ethics and Demographic factors. It is a part of the external analysis when conducting a strategic analysis or doing market research, and gives an overview of the different macroenvironmental factors that the company has to take into consideration. It is a useful strategic tool for understanding market growth or decline, business position, potential and direction for operations. The growing importance of environmental or ecological factors in the first decade of the 21st century have given rise to green business and encouraged widespread use of an updated version of the PEST framework. STEER analysis systematically considers Socio-cultural, Technological, Economic, Ecological, and Regulatory factors.Contents [hide] 1 Composition 2 Applicabil ity of the factors 3 Use of PEST analysis with other models 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksCompositionThe basic PEST analysis includes four factors:Political factors are basically to what degree the government intervenes in the economy. Specifically, political factors include areas such as tax policy, labor law, environmental law, trade restrictions, tariffs, and political stability. Political factors may also include goods and services which the government wants to provide or be provided (merit goods) and those that the government does not want to be provided (demerit goods or merit bads). Furthermore, governments have great influence on the health, education, and infrastructure of a nation. Economic factors include economic growth, interest rates, exchange rates and the inflation rate. These factors have major impacts on how businesses operate and make decisions. For example, interest rates affect a firm's cost of capital and therefore to what extent a business grows and expands.Exchange rates affect the costs of exporting goods and the supply and price of imported goods in an economy. Social factors include the cultural aspects and include health consciousness, population growth rate, age distribution, career attitudes and emphasis on safety. Trends in social factors affect the demand for a company's products and how that company operates. For example, an aging population may imply a smaller and less-willing workforce (thus increasing the cost of labor). Furthermore, companies may change various management strategies to adapt to these social trends (such as recruiting older workers). Technological factors include technological aspects such as R&D activity, automation, technology incentives and the rate of technological change. They can determine barriers to entry, minimum efficient production level and influence outsourcing decisions. Furthermore, technological shifts can affect costs, quality, and lead to innovation.Expanding the analysis to  PE STLE or PESTEL adds:Legal factors include discrimination law, consumer law, antitrust law, employment law, and health and safety law. These factors can affect how a company operates, its costs, and the demand for its products. Environmental factors include ecological and environmental aspects such as weather, climate, and climate change, which may especially affect industries such as tourism, farming, and insurance. Furthermore, growing awareness of the potential impacts of climate change is affecting how companies operate and the products they offer, both creating new markets and diminishing or destroying existing ones. Other factors for the various offshoots include:Demographic factors include gender, age, ethnicity, knowledge of languages, disabilities, mobility, home ownership, employment status, religious belief or practice, and income level. Regulatory factors include acts of parliament and associated regulations, international and national standards, local government by-laws, and mechanisms to monitor and ensure compliance with these. Applicability of the factorsThe model's factors will vary in importance to a given company based on its industry and the goods it produces. For example, consumer and B2B companies tend to be more affected by the social factors, while a global defense contractor would tend to be more affected by political factors. Additionally, factors that are more likely to change in the future or more relevant to a given company will carry greater importance. For example, a company which has borrowed heavily will need to focus more on the economic factors (especially interest rates). Furthermore, conglomerate companies who produce a wide range of products (such as Sony, Disney, or BP) may find it more useful to analyze one department of its company at a time with the PESTEL model, thus focusing on the specific factors relevant to that one department. A company may also wish to divide factors into geographical relevance, such as local, na tional, and global Use of PEST analysis with other modelsThe PEST factors, combined with external micro-environmental factors and  internal drivers, can be classified as opportunities and threats in a SWOT analysis.

Notificar que residente se convierte ciudadano

Cuando un residente permanente que tiene pendiente una peticià ³n de papeles para su esposo/a   o de sus hijos solteros se convierte en ciudadano puede considerar informar a Inmigracià ³n de su nuevo estatus, si eso acelera los trà ¡mites. En este artà ­culo se informa de cuà ¡l es el modelo de carta que se puede utilizar. Ademà ¡s, se explican 2 casos de peticià ³n de familiar que no son posibles para los residentes pero sà ­ para los ciudadanos: hijos casados de cualquier edad y peticià ³n mediante ajuste de estatus de algunos cà ³nyuges indocumentados. Cundo escribir la carta de cambio de peticin Cuando el solicitante era residente permanente al presentar la solicitud pero ahora ya es ciudadano americano.Tiene una peticià ³n I-130 aprobadaSe està ¡ esperando por una  visa  de inmigrante (tarjetas de residencia) disponible. Esto sucede porque el nà ºmero de residencias que se pueden conceder por aà ±o fiscal para esposos de residentes està ¡ sujeto a un mà ¡ximo. Y como el nà ºmero de solicitudes es mà ¡s grande que el nà ºmero de visas disponibles por eso puede ocurrir que haya que esperar a que llegue lo que se conoce como fecha de prioridad. Sin embargo, las peticiones de esposos o de hijos solteros menores de 21 aà ±os realizadas por ciudadanos no està ¡n sujetas a ese là ­mite. Por esta razà ³n puede resultar mà ¡s rà ¡pido si se sigue con el procedimiento como ciudadano. Para los casos de peticià ³n de hijo soltero mayor de 21 aà ±os, verificar con el boletà ­n de visas si es mà ¡s conveniente cambiar la peticià ³n a ciudadano o mantener la misma. Solicitud de una actualizacin de la peticin de marido o mujer o hijo soltero menor de 21 aos   Se hace por carta escrita en inglà ©s. Si la haces a mano, utiliza tinta negra y que la letra sea legible. Lo mejor es hacerla por computadora. Siempre tiene que ir fechada y firmada. A continuacià ³n verà ¡s un ejemplo que puedes seguir sustituyendo los datos ficticios por los reales de tu caso. Al final de la carta verà ¡s una explicacià ³n de quà © significa cada cosa: 139 59th AvenueWoodside, Queens NY 11333(249) 222-222 September 24th, 2013 National Visa Center32 Rochester AvenuePortsmounth, NH 03801-2909 RE: Petitioner: Maria Luz Rodriguez         Beneficiary: Carlos Perez Sanchez         Preference: 2A, Spouse of LRP         Case Number: CDJ2012622002 Dear Sir/Madam: I am the petitioner in the above case. I recently became a U.S. citizen. A copy of both my citizenship certificate and my  I-130 approval notice are enclosed.   Please, upgrade my husband, Carlos Pà ©rez Sà ¡nchez, from category 2A to immediate relative.   Thanks Marà ­a Luz Rodrà ­guez Encl: Copy of the U.S. citizenship certificate and copy of my  I-130 approval notice. Cmo entender la carta Empezar escribiendo la direccià ³n del solicitante (el ahora ciudadano americano) y a continuacià ³n el nà ºmero de telà ©fono.Dirigirse al Centro Nacional de Visas (NVC). La direccià ³n es real y es el lugar al que debes enviar la carta.RE: hace referencia al asunto que se va a tratar. En petitioner  escribir el nombre del ciudadano y en beneficiary  el del cà ³nyuge para el que se ha solicitado la tarjeta de residencia. En preference  hay que escribirlo asà ­, 2A significa que se habà ­a hecho la peticià ³n para el cà ³nyuge de un residente, que es lo que quiere decir LPR.En cuanto al case number  es el que aparece en cualquier correspondencia que hayas tenido con el NVC. Consta de tres letras seguido de diez nà ºmeros. Si no lo tienes, llama al (603) 334-0700. Ten a mano el nà ºmero de caso del USCIS (mira en las comunicaciones del USCIS al que enviaste la aplicacià ³n I-130). No confundir los dos nà ºmeros porque nada tienen que ver. Tambià ©n puedes solicitar ese dato por correo electrà ³nico escribiendo a: NVCINQUIRYstate.gov. Incluye en el correo el nà ºmero de caso del USCIS, el nombre y fecha de nacimiento tanto de la persona que hace la peticià ³n como de la beneficiaria (es decir, ambos esposos). Y pà ­deles que te den cuà ¡l es el Case Number de tu caso. El texto de la letra se puede copiar exactamente con la precaucià ³n de cambiar husband por wife cuando se trate de una mujer a quien se pide y de poner el nombre correcto de dicha persona.Por à ºltimo, acuà ©rdate de firmar la carta y de incluir copia (no original) de tu certificado de ciudadanà ­a y de la notificacià ³n de aprobacià ³n del I-130. Consejo sobre el envo de la carta Aunque la carta se puede enviar por correo ordinario lo mejor es que certifiques la carta cuando acudas a la oficina de correos, para poder hacer un seguimiento a la carta y tener prueba de que la ha recibido.   Peticiones de hijos a otros hijos por parte de ciudadanos Los ciudadanos pueden pedir a sus hijos casados y los residentes no. Esa es una ventaja para hacerse ciudadano. Otra es que la peticià ³n de los hijos solteros menores de 21 aà ±os no està ¡ sujeta a là ­mites anuales y, por ello su tramitacià ³n es mà ¡s rà ¡pida. Sin embargo, en los casos de peticiones de hijos solteros mayores de 21 aà ±os verificar siempre el boletà ­n de visas mà ¡s actual para ver si es conveniente hacerse ciudadano o esperar como residente hasta el fin del proceso o cuà ¡les son las opciones. En estos casos asesorarse con un abogado migratorio reputado antes de enviar la solicitud para naturalizarse. Peticin de esposos indocumentados por ajuste de estatus Los cà ³nyuges de los residentes permanentes legales no pueden ajustar su estatus por matrimonio si està ¡n en Estados Unidos como indocumentados. Sin embargo, los esposos indocumentados de los ciudadanos sà ­ pueden hacerlo en 1 caso: si ingresaron legalmente a los Estados Unidos.   Por esta razà ³n, en algunos casos puede ser muy conveniente naturalizarse para asà ­ poder regularizar al cà ³nyuge, aunque tener en cuenta que en los casos en los que el esposo indocumentado ingresà ³ ilegalmente a los Estados Unidos no es posible ajustar el estatus. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Domain Level Cookies JavaScript Example

Web sites often have a www. sub-domain that points to the same content as the main domain. With session cookies our visitor has either accessed our site with the www. or they have accessed it without and so the fact that a cookie created for www.example.com is not accessible from example.com isnt going to matter. With first-party cookies, a visitor may very easily access our site the first time as www.example.com and the second time as example.com and so we want to create a cookie that will be accessible from both. Creating a Domain Level Cookie To make a cookie accessible from the entire domain including any sub-domains we just add a domain parameter when setting the cookie as demonstrated in this JavaScript example. You should, of course, substitute your own domain name for example.com (as example.com is a domain name specifically reserved for use in examples where it represents whatever domain name you are really using.) writeCookie function(cname, cvalue, days) {var dt, expires;dt new Date();dt.setTime(dt.getTime()(days*24*60*60*1000));expires ; expiresdt.toGMTString();document.cookie cnamecvalueexpires; domainexample.com;}